Getting started

Tracing

When instrumenting libraries and applications, the most simple approach requires three steps.

Obtain a tracer

auto provider = opentelemetry::trace::Provider::GetTracerProvider();
auto tracer = provider->GetTracer("foo_library", "1.0.0");

The TracerProvider acquired in the first step is a singleton object that is usually provided by the OpenTelemetry C++ SDK. It is used to provide specific implementations for API interfaces. In case no SDK is used, the API provides a default no-op implementation of a TracerProvider.

The Tracer acquired in the second step is needed to create and start Spans.

Start a span

auto span = tracer->StartSpan("HandleRequest");

This creates a span, sets its name to "HandleRequest", and sets its start time to the current time. Refer to the API documentation for other operations that are available to enrich spans with additional data.

Mark a span as active

auto scope = tracer->WithActiveSpan(span);

This marks a span as active and returns a Scope object. The scope object controls how long a span is active. The span remains active for the lifetime of the scope object.

The concept of an active span is important, as any span that is created without explicitly specifying a parent is parented to the currently active span. A span without a parent is called root span.

Create nested Spans

auto outer_span = tracer->StartSpan("Outer operation");
auto outer_scope = tracer->WithActiveSpan(outer_span);
{
    auto inner_span = tracer->StartSpan("Inner operation");
    auto inner_scope = tracer->WithActiveSpan(inner_span);
    // ... perform inner operation
    inner_span->End();
}
// ... perform outer operation
outer_span->End();

Spans can be nested, and have a parent-child relationship with other spans. When a given span is active, the newly created span inherits the active span’s trace ID, and other context attributes.

Context Propagation

// set global propagator
opentelemetry::context::propagation::GlobalTextMapPropagator::SetGlobalPropagator(
    nostd::shared_ptr<opentelemetry::context::propagation::TextMapPropagator>(
        new opentelemetry::trace::propagation::HttpTraceContext()));

// get global propagator
HttpTextMapCarrier<opentelemetry::ext::http::client::Headers> carrier;
auto propagator =
    opentelemetry::context::propagation::GlobalTextMapPropagator::GetGlobalPropagator();

//inject context to headers
auto current_ctx = opentelemetry::context::RuntimeContext::GetCurrent();
propagator->Inject(carrier, current_ctx);

//Extract headers to context
auto current_ctx = opentelemetry::context::RuntimeContext::GetCurrent();
auto new_context = propagator->Extract(carrier, current_ctx);
auto remote_span = opentelemetry::trace::propagation::GetSpan(new_context);

Context contains the meta-data of the currently active Span including Span Id, Trace Id, and flags. Context Propagation is an important mechanism in distributed tracing to transfer this Context across service boundary often through HTTP headers. OpenTelemetry provides a text-based approach to propagate context to remote services using the W3C Trace Context HTTP headers.